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The land of Longnan in March, spring and Jingming. 2.5 kilometers northeast of the county seat of Lixian County, Gansu Province, on the ancient four-grid hilltop platform, nearly 30,000 square meters of Sijiaoping ruins are waiting for archaeologists to explore unsolved mysteries. A few days ago, this site was selected as one of the top ten new archaeological discoveries in the country in 2023.
The area around Lixian County is the birthplace of early Qin culture, and the tomb of Qin Gong has been unearthed, and many relics of early Qin culture such as Xishan ruins and Dome Mountain ruins have also been discovered.
The Sijiaoping site is the first large-scale and regular Qin Dynasty large-scale building complex discovered, and it is presumed to be a ceremonial building complex with special shape and function related to sacrifice. The architectural pattern profoundly influenced the architectural style of Deyang Temple, Wang Mangjiu Temple and even the Temple of Heaven and Temple of Earth in the Han Dynasty, which is the embodiment of the will of the country and has a strong ceremonial nature.
This is the whole picture of the Sijiaoping site and the surrounding terrain in Lixian County, Gansu Province.
In 2009, Wang Gang, the former director of the Lixian County Museum, discovered the Sijiaoping site during a field investigation.
"It was my first time climbing Sigezi Mountain, and the summit was very flat, as if it had been 'flattened', and it was very large. Later, some brick and tile fragments with obvious characteristics of the Qin Dynasty were found in the wheat field. Wang Gang said. He quickly escalated the lead.
The Gansu Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology conducted archaeological exploration twice in 2012 and 2019, and found a large area of rammed earth foundation sites.
Since 2020, the Gansu Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, together with the Department of Cultural Relics and Museology of Fudan University and the School of Archaeology, Culture and Museums of Peking University, has carried out systematic excavation and research for four consecutive years, gradually unveiling the mystery of the site.
This is the relics of some of the building components unearthed at the Sijiaoping site.
The structure of the site is clear - with the central rammed earth platform as the center, there are two groups of parallel symmetrical rectangular outbuildings in the east, west, north and south, and the four corners are distributed with curved ruler-shaped outbuildings. The area of the remaining architectural remains is nearly 9,000 square meters.
"The main components unearthed are buildings, such as tiles, slabs, hollow bricks, floor tiles, etc. According to its characteristics and production technology, combined with the general historical background, the Sijiaoping site should be a relic of the Qin Empire after the unification of Qin. Hou Hongwei, the archaeological leader of the Sijiaoping site and an associate researcher of the Gansu Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, said.
Li Gang, director of the Mausoleum Museum of the First Emperor of Qin, told reporters: "The moire tile here is basically the same as the tile unearthed from the site of the east gate of the outer city of the Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin, indicating that the site and the Mausoleum of the First Emperor of Qin are similar in age and high grade." ”
This is a schematic diagram of the spatial distribution pattern of each building foundation site of the Sijiaoping site.
What is the special function of such a large-scale, high-level building complex built in the hometown of the Qin people?
The Sijiaoping site is located in a very special geographical location, which happens to be in the middle of the Dabaozi Mountain ruins where the Qin Gong Cemetery was discovered and the Luanting Mountain ruins of the Han Dynasty sacrificing to the sky. "Combined with its architectural features, it is likely that it was a sacrificial place prepared for Qin Shi Huang's western tour. Hou Hongwei said.
"Historical Records: The First Emperor of Qin" records: "In the twenty-seventh year, the first emperor toured the west and north of Longxi." Hou Hongwei said that in the second year after Qin Shi Huang unified the country, he went to the Longxi County and Beidi County to tour the west. The current Lixian County belongs to Longxi County, which is where the ancestors of the Qin people lived. Qin Shi Huang returned to the ancestral court on a parade, and it is very likely that a sacrificial event was held.
Tian Yaqi, a researcher at the Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology, said that the Sijiaoping site is a new form of sacrificial architecture created by the Qin people, following the temple building and the sacrificial building.
What is amazing is that in the center of the rammed earth platform at the core of the site, there is an open-air semi-crypt-like space, similar to the cistern dug in the center of the patio of some ancient houses on the mainland.
"The square space is 6.5 meters long, and the floor is paved with smooth plain floor tiles, which are attached to the walls and fixed with iron nails, and the floor tiles and wall tile joints are superbly caulked. There is also a pottery water pipe buried at the bottom, which indicates that it is a water storage device. Hou Hongwei said.
Qin people are still watery. "This water storage device happens to be located in the center of the Sijiaoping ruins, and it is speculated that this space and even the entire complex are likely to be the place where the Qin people sacrificed 'water virtue'. Wang Hui, a researcher at Fudan University's Department of Cultural Relics and Museology, believes that it is pierced by a shaft in the middle, perhaps symbolically destroying it after the Han Dynasty replaced the Qin.
This is the semi-crypt space in the center of the central rammed earth platform foundation of the Sijiaoping site and the restoration map drawn by archaeologists in Gansu.
This is a restoration map of the Sijiaoping site.
The 2023 National Top Ten New Archaeological Discoveries Final Evaluation Conference believes that the Sijiaoping site is the materialized carrier of the national sacrificial reform and the historical process of China's "great unification", reflecting the style and spirit of the early stage of the formation of a unified country in ancient China.
"At present, the excavated area is less than half of the area of the building relics, and there are still many unsolved mysteries in the four corners. Hou Hongwei said that at present, the temporary protection of the greenhouse project is about to enter the construction stage, and the archaeological team has formulated a five-year plan for the excavation of the site, which will reveal the whole picture of the Qin Dynasty sacrificial buildings through comprehensive excavation.
(Source: Xinhua Vision)